Jenis2 lukisan elektronik

Seperti yang kita sedia maklum, lukisan merupakan karya seni seperti MONA LISA. Tetapi dalam elektronik industri, lukisan-lukisan tersebut dibahagikan kepada:

1. Lukisan blok/sistem

2. Lukisan litar

3. Lukisan pemasangan

4. Lukisan skematik

5. Lukisan litar tercetak

Berikut adalah contoh2 lukisan yang dimaksudkan.

Lukisan blokdigunakan untuk menerangkan secara ringkas dan mudah bagaimana fungsi serta operasi sesuatu unit dalam satu litar atay sistem.

 

Lukisan litar menunjukan keseluruhan fungsi sesuatu litar

Lukisan pemasangan digunakan untuk menggambarkan sambungan dan pemasangan sebenar bagi sesuatu litar dan kedudukan fizikal sesuatu komponen, pendawaian dan alatambah. 

Lukisan skematik adalah lebih kurang sama dengan lukisan litar, kelebihan lukisan skematik berbanding lukisan litar adalah ia dimuatkan dengan 'power rating', penyambungan tambahan dan lain2 lagi. Kebiasaannya ia dilengkapkan dengan maklumat2 pengujian.

Litar tercetak menggambarkan corak jalur pengalir dan kedudukan komponen (susunan) yang terdapat diatas PCB (printed circuit board)

PLC

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) defines a PLC as a "digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions by implementing specific functions, such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic to control through digital or analog I/O modules various types of machines or processes."

To understand how PLC working, you need to understand the working principles of relay, a relay has a coil which is supplied by a voltage source and it is connected to two terminals.

The principle of the relay: while connected to voltage source then all contacts will change their status. NO means contacts ‘close’ and NC means contacts ‘open’.

The principle of PLC signal is the device input (on/off) will activate the coils. All inputs are reflecting each input device. (In this case, it is stored in a memory data input) coil will control all of these conditions on / off internal contacts that arranged in a program PLC / ladder diagram (programming & processing). 

SEMICONDUCTOR

Semiconductors have had a monumental impact on our society. You find semiconductors at the heart of microprocessor chips as well as transistors. Anything that's computerized or uses radio waves depends on semiconductors.

Today, most semiconductor chips and transistors are created with silicon. You may have heard expressions like "Silicon Valley" and the "silicon economy," and that's why -- silicon is the heart of any electronic device.

A diode is the simplest possible semiconductor device, and is therefore an excellent beginning point if you want to understand how semiconductors work. In this article, you'll learn what a semiconductor is, how doping works and how a diode can be created using semiconductors. But first, let's take a close look at silicon.

Silicon is a very common element -- for example, it is the main element in sand and quartz. If you look "silicon" up in the periodic table, you will find that it sits next to aluminum, below carbon and above germanium.

Silicon sits next to aluminum and below carbon in the periodic table.

Carbon, silicon and germanium (germanium, like silicon, is also a semiconductor) have a unique property in their electron structure -- each has four electrons in its outer orbital. This allows them to form nice crystals. The four electrons form perfect covalent bonds with four neighboring atoms, creating a lattice. In carbon, we know the crystalline form as diamond. In silicon, the crystalline form is a silvery, metallic-looking substance.

In a silicon lattice, all silicon atoms bond perfectly to four neighbors, leaving no free electrons to conduct electric current. This makes a silicon crystal an insulator rather than a conductor.

Metals tend to be good conductors of electricity because they usually have "free electrons" that can move easily between atoms, and electricity involves the flow of electrons. While silicon crystals look metallic, they are not, in fact, metals. All of the outer electrons in a silicon crystal are involved in perfect covalent bonds, so they can't move around. A pure silicon crystal is nearly an insulator -- very little electricity will flow through it. But you can change all this through a process called doping.